Willow Science

OK, so these things are very small… so it’s pretty easy to lose them!

However, when you do, eventually, manage to catch up with them, what you find is, is that each one, has a central area - the nucleus, to which, electrons, move around (well, all except for hydrogen that is… there’s only 1, electron, orbiting here).

Right then, so here it is… a simple representation of the atom.

  

OK, so having 2 electrons, the above atom, is Helium.

References;

McDuell, B. Ed. (1988) Chemistry: GCSE Passbook – Keyfacts. Charles Letts & Co Ltd.

McMurry, J. Ed. (2000) Organic Chemistry 5^th ed. Brooks/Cole.

Petrucci, R.H., Harwood, W.S., Herring, F.G. Ed. (2002) General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications 8^th ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Young, H.D. Ed. (1992) University Physics: Extended Version with Modern Physics 8^th ed. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.

© Willow Science 2011

Vicky x

This is the incorporation of foreign DNA into bacterial cells… some varieties of which will do this quite naturally, whilst others, on the other hand, seem far more reluctant, and therefore, require a little more ‘encouragement’… with a few thousand volts for example!

Reference;

Birge, E.A. Ed. (2000) Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics 4^th ed. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

© Willow Science 2011

Vicky x

OK, so this is the lowest possible temperature that can occur… and it all happens at -273.15^oC, or, at zero Kelvin (0 K)… oh aye, it’s pretty nippy all right… freeze your fangs clean off!

Reference;

Petrucci, R.H., Harwood, W.S., Herring, F.G. Ed. (2002) General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications 8^th ed. Prentice Hall.

© Willow Science 2011

Vicky x